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Jason Davis • Aug 15, 2019

OSIRIS-REx Team Picks 4 Candidate Sample Sites on Asteroid Bennu

The science team for NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission has compiled a list of 4 candidate sample sites on asteroid Bennu, one of which will be the touchdown spot for the spacecraft next year. It's an important milestone for OSIRIS-REx, which (like Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft at asteroid Ryugu) has had to adjust its plans after discovering a much rockier surface than anticipated. The OSIRIS-REx team will spend 4 months observing the 4 sites before picking a primary and backup sample site in December.

OSIRIS-REx Candidate Sample Sites
OSIRIS-REx Candidate Sample Sites The final four candidate sample collection sites on asteroid Bennu are designated Nightingale, Kingfisher, Osprey and Sandpiper. The final site will be selected in December 2019. See here for full animation.Image: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona/CSA/York/MDA

The 4 sites each have unique characteristics that would advance the field of asteroid science. Each was selected based on a stringent set of criteria: how safely a sample can be collected from the local topography; how likely it is that the site has rocks and regolith smaller than 2.5 centimeters in diameter that can be collected by TAGSAM; how easily the spacecraft can maneuver in and out of each site; and the potential science value of a sample from each location. The science team is hoping to collect things like hydrated minerals and carbon-rich materials that may help them figure out how asteroids relate to the formation of our solar system, and the origin of life on Earth. 

Two of the sites are near Bennu's equator, and the other 2 are closer to the poles. The sites are named after birds native to Egypt, keeping in line with the name Bennu, a mythological Egyptian heron whose name was bestowed on OSIRIS-REx’s target asteroid following a 2013 contest sponsored by The Planetary Society, University of Arizona, and MIT. The OSIRIS-REx team and International Astronomical Union recently announced that Bennu features would be named for mythological birds and bird-like creatures.

Here's a look at each site. If you'd like to dig deeper, the OSIRIS-REx mission website has an excellent resource page that includes images from multiple perspectives, stereo pairs, anaglyphs, boulder counts, scale comparisons, and global maps. 

Bennu Global Map
Bennu Global Map This global map of Bennu shows all four candidate sampling sites.Image: Phil Stooke

The Equatorial Sites

Kingfisher

Because Kingfisher is located on Bennu's equatorial bulge, it may contain material from both the northern and southern hemispheres. It's a small, relatively young crater, which means a sample there could contain material that hasn't been exposed to space weathering as long. Out of all 4 sites, Kingfisher has the strongest water signature. (There's also a Kingfisher local angle for the OSIRIS-REx team: It's the name of a fancy-ish seafood restaurant in Tucson near the University of Arizona.)

Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Kingfisher
Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Kingfisher Site Kingfisher is located on asteroid Bennu at 56° E and 11° N. It is a small crater that has a radius of 4 meters. Kingfisher is surrounded by boulders, but the site itself, with a radius of 5 meters, is free of large rocks. Given Kingfisher’s geographical position on Bennu’s equatorial bulge, it is possible that the region contains material from both the northern and southern hemispheres. This site is particularly interesting because of its location in a small crater, which means it may be a relatively young feature compared to Bennu’s larger craters (such as the one in which Sandpiper is located). Younger craters generally hold fresher, minimally-altered material. Kingfisher has the strongest spectral signature for hydrated minerals among the four sites. This image was taken by OSIRIS REx's OCAMS (PolyCam) instrument on 21 March 2019.Image: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

Osprey

Located about 32 degrees east of Kingfisher, Osprey is also on Bennu's equatorial bulge. Osprey out of all 4 sites has the strongest signature for carbon-rich materials. It has a variety of rock types, with wide albedo and color variations and a big dark patch of regolith that looks particularly interesting.

Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Osprey
Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Osprey Site Osprey is located on asteroid Bennu at 88° E and 11° N. Located near Bennu’s equator, it is set in a small crater with a 10 meter radius. Two areas within the crater are being evaluated for sample collection: one east of the crater’s center and one west of the crater’s center. Both areas have a 5 meter radius. Given Osprey’s geographical position on Bennu’s equatorial bulge, it is possible that the region contains material from both the northern and southern hemispheres. The diversity of rock types in Osprey’s surrounding area suggests that the regolith within the sampling regions is also diverse. Osprey has the strongest spectral signature for carbon-rich material among the 4 sites. It also ranks second for the highest albedo and color variation among the candidate sites. A large, dark (low albedo) patch of material in the center of the site is of high scientific interest for the mission team.This image was taken by OSIRIS REx's OCAMS (PolyCam) instrument on 21 March 2019.Image: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

The Polar-ish Sites

Nightingale

Nightingale has a latitude of 56 degrees, making it more than halfway between Bennu’s equator and north pole. It has a lot of fine-grained material, which makes it a good place for sample collection. The regolith there has the highest color variation of all 4 sites, which indicates a wide variety of materials.

Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Nightingale
Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Nightingale Site Nightingale is located on asteroid Bennu at 43° E and 56° N. It is a small crater encompassed by a larger crater with a 70 meter radius) near Bennu’s north pole. Nightingale has 4 areas that are being evaluated for sample collection. The first, with a 5 meter radius, is located in the northeast region of the crater. The second area, also 5 meter radius, is located slightly west of the crater’s center. The third area has an 8 meter radius, and reaches from the crater’s northern rim to its center. The fourth and largest area, with a 10 meter radius, encompasses nearly the entire crater. Nightingale contains mostly fine-grained, dark material and it has the lowest albedo and the lowest temperature of the four candidate sites. Nightingale’s regolith also has the highest color variation, which suggests the presence of diverse materials. Additionally, this region’s spectral signatures strongly indicate that carbon-rich minerals are present. This image was taken by OSIRIS REx's OCAMS (PolyCam) instrument on 29 March 2019.Image: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

Sandpiper

At 47 degrees south, Sandpiper is the sample site from down under. There are steep slopes and boulders in the area, which could pose a challenge for the spacecraft. The payoff is that there are two young craters nearby that may have scattered fresh subsurface material into the sample spot. Sandpiper also has hydrated minerals. The materials there vary in brightness, indicating diverse sources. 

Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Sandpiper
Bennu Candidate Sample Site: Sandpiper Site Sandpiper is located on asteroid Bennu at 322° E and -47° N. It is in asteroid Bennu’s southern hemisphere, on the southeast floor of a large crater with a radius of 31.5 meters. The site itself is a relatively flat area with a 5 meter radius. Sandpiper is surrounded by steep slopes and large boulders that are scattered throughout the area. There are 2 smaller, relatively young craters near Sandpiper that may have ejected fresher material into Sandpiper’s sampling region. Sandpiper has the second highest albedo variation among the possible sample collection sites. Hydrated minerals are also present, which suggests that Sandpiper may contain potentially unmodified carbon-rich material. This image was taken by OSIRIS REx's OCAMS (PolyCam) instrument on 21 March 2019.Image: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

OSIRIS-REx is currently in its Orbital C phase, circling Bennu at an altitude of 1.7 kilometers. This fall, the spacecraft will start performing detailed reconnaissance of all 4 candidate sample sites from as close as 1.29 kilometers. A prime and backup sample site will be selected in December. 

The team originally planned to have just 2 candidate sample sites by now, but Bennu's rocky terrain delayed those plans. Fortunately, the mission schedule has a lot of margin built in. The rocky terrain also changed the requirements for the sample collection sites; originally, the team was looking for hazard-free areas 50 meters wide. That requirement has now shrunk to between 5 and 10 meters. That has been made possible by sharp navigation work; OSIRIS-REx has proven that it can autonomously steer around Bennu quite well using its own imagery. The mission team has modified the spacecraft’s sampling technique to use imagery-based navigation all the way to the surface. They call this new technique "Bullseye TAG."

In early 2020, OSIRIS-REx will descend even lower for high-resolution views of its prime and backup sampling sites, scanning for landmarks to use for future navigation. Sample collection was nominally planned for 4 July 2020, but now NASA now says that it will occur in the second half of 2020. OSIRIS-REx isn't scheduled to depart Bennu until March 2021, with return to Earth set for September 2023.

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